Herbarium
A leading botanical collection of approximately 3 million specimens, representing half to two thirds of the world’s flora.
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The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh's (RBGE) extensive Herbarium numbers approximately three million specimens, representing half to two thirds of the world’s flora. It is a leading botanical collection, with researchers from around the world visiting to study our specimens in a well-designed and user-friendly setting.
The collection is actively used to support research at RBGE and other institutes around the world. Each year we receive visits from around 200 scientists and we send approximately 4,000 specimens out on loan.
The specimens cover over 300 years of biodiversity, the oldest specimen collected in 1697. The collection is still one of the most active in the world, receiving up to 30,000 specimens each year. We have a major digitisation programme which has imaged nearly half a million specimens and these are now freely available online.
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The World in One Room
With three million preserved plant specimens, collected over 350 years, the Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has become a scientific resource of worldwide importance. Watch our short film to see how the world's biodiversity is brought together in one building for study.
| Time | Description |
| [Narrator] Years of plant collecting lie behind these grey doors. A herbarium of three million preserved plant specimens, an idea so beautifully simple as pressing plants on paper becomes a scientific resource of worldwide importance. | |
| [Elspeth Haston, Deputy Curator] Here at the Royal Botanic Garden, we've brought the world's biodiversity together into one building to study. Each of these specimens is a point in space and time, however, even after 350 years, there's still so much to discover. | |
| [Martin Gardner, International Conifer Conservation Programme] The great value of having herbarum material is that you can study samples like this monkey puzzle and look at all the different variations in leaf size and cone types. For instance, here we have one of the species of monkey puzzle from the Island of New Caledonia, which is off the coast of Australia. And you can make those comparisons. So scientifically, this would help to write identification guides, which is very, very important for conservation and it would also help us with our important interaction with the public. | |
| [Narrator] The Royal Botanic Garden provides digital access to centuries of collecting effort. Researchers can examine specimens in great detail, harnessing expertise from around the world. Sequencing even tiny fragments of older specimens can give a deep insight. New science on the Inga or chewing gum tree from the tropics is being discovered with DNA techniques created in Edinburgh. | |
| [Michelle Hart, Head of Laboratory Sciene] I and some of my colleagues at the Botanics have been involved in opening up the Herbarium to genetic research using next generation sequencing technologies and methods of DNA extraction from herbarium specimens, we have reconstructed the phylogenetic tree or the family tree of tropical tree species Inga. This has enabled us to make an assessment of the genetic diversity of this species. | |
| [Narrator] A collection started as a cultural resource by enlightened botanists, now more than keeps pace with scientific and technological change. | |
| [Peter Hollingsworth, Director of Science] I've been delighted with the science programme in innovation, in accessibility through that digitisation programme, but also the innovation in the molecular biology programme to unlock the DNA to literally open this treasure chest of the Herbarium, make the DNA readable and accessible to researchers around the planet. And it's those technological innovations applied to the dedicated long term curation of this national and international resource that makes it so very special and very exciting. | |
| [Narrator] In the Library and Archive, a history of the garden, of botanical science and exploration, through rare books, art and artefacts, truly international and at times, beautiful. The collection has the first ever book to use photographic illustrations. | |
| [Leonie Paterson, Archivist] (in conversation) ...and the collection I've chosen to show you today is the one that belongs to George Forrest. It's by far the most well used collection that we have. | |
| [Narrator] Available to all, the Library and Archive are rich with stories of early plant collectors. | |
| [Leonie Paterson]...these are the scales that Forrest would have used in the field to weigh the seed that he was collecting, he was known for collecting a lot of seed. So he would have known how much seed he was collecting with this, for dividing it up. He probably also would have paid his men, if he had to weigh the amount of gold you're paying them, you would use scales for that as well. | |
| [Narrator] The Botanics of the present reveres collectors of the past, who made sacrifices to create a record of the world's biodiversity. | |
| [Elspeth Haston] In this building is 4,000 grey cabinets. But to me, those cabinets, you open the doors and you've got every single biome in there, you've got every single environment, you've got, whether it's tropical rain forests, whether it's alpine in Scotland or whether it's the Himalaya or the Savannah, we've got everything in those cabinets. So it's a tremendous place to work, to know that all of that environment is just here. | |
| [Narrator] The world in one room and in a time of constant change, a remarkable continuity from preserving biological specimens to make them useful now and in the future. |
What is a herbarium?
A herbarium is a collection of preserved plants stored, catalogued and arranged systematically for study by both professional taxonomists (scientists who name and identify plants), botanists and amateurs.
The creation of a herbarium specimen involves the pressing and drying of plants between sheets of paper, a practice that has changed very little since the beginning, 500 years ago. Thanks to this simple technique, most of the characteristics of living plants are visible on the dried plant. The few that are not (e.g. flower colour, scent, height of a tree, vegetation type) are written on the collection label by the collector. Most importantly, the label should tell us where and when the specimen was collected.
A working reference collection
A herbarium acts like a plant library or vast catalogue with each of our three million specimens providing unique information – where it was found, when it flowered, what it looks like and it’s DNA, which remains intact for many years. DNA is now routinely extracted from herbarium specimens. The most important specimens are called 'types'. The type specimen, chosen by the author of the species name, becomes the physical reference for the new species.
This unique working reference collection brings species from all over the world together into one place to be discovered, described and compared. The work is disseminated through the writing of Floras (a description of all the plants in a country or region), monographs (a description of plants or fungi within a group, such as a family) and scientific papers. This fundamental research provides an essential baseline for other plant-based research and helps inform conservation practices.
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